If time permits, some students would benefit from the background gained through reading the essays as well. Did changes in state constitutions tend to affect the voting population? In this lesson, students discuss the general trend in the first half of the 19th century to extend the right to vote to more white males.
Did the increased right to vote translate into an increase in the percentage and totals of white males who actually voted? Students will look for connections between the candidacy of Andrew Jackson and trends in voter participation in the presidential election of By , the United States had changed greatly, though it was still a young country. Instead of 13 states, there were 24, and enough territory to make quite a few more.
What was the source of Andrew Jackson's popularity? How were party politics reflected in the campaign of ? The significance of the election of can be understood from the fact that it was the first to include public conventions. This was the first election where nomination did not come from the congressional caucuses. His election was due in part to the fact that more and more states were introducing universal white manhood suffrage.
They were removing the property qualifications for voting and making the country more democratic. More immediately, Jackson won in part because of outrage over how John Q. Jackson and his supporters called it the stolen election because of the deal between Adams and Clay. He won the election of with the help of Speaker of the House Henry Clay. He was an unpopular President. While he was President Congress, passed the Tariff of John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson in by garnering more electoral votes through the House of Representatives, even though Jackson originally received more popular and electoral votes.
Where all Presidents since Washington had served extensive administrative and diplomatic apprenticeships, Jackson had never held a Cabinet post or even been abroad. He spoke no foreign languages and even wrote English roughly. On the other hand, his heroics as a general had a far greater hold on the public imagination than the governmental experience of his competitors.
All five men were Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, but in the absence of organized opposition, party affiliation had ceased to be much of a political marker. In past years, Jeffersonians had selected their presidential candidate through a congressional party caucus. Held in Washington where congressmen were gathered anyway, the caucus was a convenient mechanism to unite the party against the Federalist foe. But the withering of Federalism after the War of had undercut its rationale.
Once seen as a necessary device for ensuring victory, the caucus now seemed a gratuitous intrusion upon the popular will, a means to deprive the voters of any meaningful choice at the polls. A poorly attended caucus nominated Crawford in , but his consequent image as the insider's choice rather harmed than helped his chances.
Other candidacies were put in play by various means. The Tennessee legislature nominated Jackson for the presidency in and, to burnish his credentials, elected him to the Senate the next year. There was no organized national presidential campaign in Calhoun dropped out, settling for the vice-presidency on the Adams and Jackson tickets.
Following tradition, the candidates did not actively seek votes or make promises. Jackson and Adams were generally understood to support the current Monroe administration, Crawford despite his Cabinet post and Clay to oppose it. Many political professionals, especially Clay, did not take Jackson's candidacy entirely seriously at first. The returns showed their mistake. He proved to be the only aspirant with a truly national popular following. Along with the entire Southwest, Jackson carried Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the Carolinas, for a total of eleven states out of twenty-four.
Adams ran second, with 84 electoral votes. Crawford had 41, Clay Seward, and Thurlow Weed. The Whig Party operated from the early s to the mids and was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, which was an important innovator from to and flourished in only those states with a weak second party; the abolitionist Liberty Party of the s; and the antislavery Free Soil Party, active in the and elections.
The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural currents of the Jacksonian Era until succeeded by the Third Party System in According to historian Richard P. McCormick, who is is well-known for his scholarship on the Second Party System, the framework was formed over a year period that varied by state, and it was produced by leaders trying to win the presidency with contenders building their own national coalitions.
Regional effects strongly influenced its developments, with the Adams forces strongest in New England, for example, and the Jacksonians strongest in the Southwest. This period marked the first time two-party politics were extended to the South and West, both of which had previously been one-party regions.
The Second Party System was also the first, and remains the only, party system in which the two major parties remained on about equal footing in every region. The same two parties appeared in every state and contested both electoral votes and state offices. Because of this regional balance, the Second Party System was vulnerable to region-specific issues such as slavery. The election of between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson saw a large number of character attacks and increased partisanship.
Summarize the circumstances leading up to the election of and the role character played in the election. The U. With no other major candidates, Jackson and his chief ally, Martin Van Buren, consolidated their bases in the South and New York and easily defeated Adams. The Democratic Party derived its strength from the existing supporters of Jackson and their coalition with the supporters of Crawford the Old Republicans and Vice President Calhoun. The election marked the rise of Jacksonian democracy on the national stage and the transition from the First Party System, of which Jeffersonian democracy was characteristic, to the Second Party System.
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